Shhhh, Turn of Your Phone!

James Clay starts his session by encouraging us all to turn on all of our devices, say hello to the person sat next to us and generally have a conversation. How nice :-) He lives online at elearningstuff.net - I'd recommend you check it out if you haven't been there before.

The first mobile phone call (from a car) was made in June 1946! This is not a new technology, we have lived with them for a long time. The first proper handheld mobile phone call was made on April 3rd 1973. It has only been in the last couple of years that we have really begun to exploit the potential of mobile devices. The i-pad sold 14 million units in the first 9 months of its life - mobile is everywhere.

James goes on to show how all new developments have been treated with scepticism (and btw gives an excellent way of how to actually give a 'history of' at a conference). The 'evil' slate, pen, calculator have all been criticised. We do things because they have always been done that way - resistance to change is normal. So we put up signs that say don't use your phones (or don't swim) to try and control change - but what problems to phones *actually* cause in a library?

The Culture of NO is a big problem in libraries today. When you see a big sign saying DO NOT, it is human nature not to respect it. It is much better to talk to learners and help them respect their environment rather than dictate and direct. A YES culture is a much better place to be.

So what CAN we do with mobile devices in the library?? My contributions are some fantastic ideas from thewikiman and Jo Alcock. Other ideas:

• Use the web. Sounds obvious, but very necessary. Unfortunately, there are very few journal or eBook platforms that are well developed for browsing on phones, or even small notepads.
  
• eBooks!
  
• Communication.
• Collaboration. AudioNote is a great example of tools that can be used in this way.
• QRCodes - dotted around the library to provide extra information.
  
• Augmented Reality - layering information over images within the library. It's a great way to UpSell the resources.
• Barcode Scaners - scanning a barcode of a book in WHSmiths to see if it is in the library.
• Making Notes - such as tools like EverNote.
• Using tools like Google Googles to find more information about a statue, a picture, a resource.
  

It is of course, not that simple. In FE there are significant concerns about safeguarding and the permanency of the web. This is often used as an excuse - James describes the role of the Innovation Prevention Department, a well known department in all academic institutions!

Cost is a real issue. Mobile should be about enhancing the service you already provide, it should not be exclusive and discriminatory to those who cannot afford expensive devices. James also bravely states that eBooks will never replace real books :-)

The digital divide is a real issue (a la Andy Powell's talk this morning). As is connectivity (conference wifi anyone?). The pace of change also makes it difficult for libraries to keep up with changing devices, skilling staff etc. Prioritising is an important focus here.

Despite all of these issues, James is a clear believer in using mobile devices in libraries - and he encourages us all to think about just one way in which we could too.

E-book readers in a mobile-friendly library

Breakout Session B: E-book readers in a mobile-friendly library / Alison Brock, Open University

Although e-books have hit critical mass amongst consumers in terms of awareness and increasing interest libraries are yet to progress their e-book agendas due to hardware limitations and licensing restrictions.

Alison Brock reported on the joint Open University and Cranfield University e-reader project. The main aim was to explore students working practice of using e-readers and to see what kinds of content was available to them and to see how this could inform the development of library services.

6 participants from undergraduate to PhD level were chosen at both institutions using 4 Sony PRS-505 and 2 iPod Touch (8GB) devices. Students were given the devices for 3 months starting from August 2009. The devices were not preloaded with content. Since the study the Kindle is now available in the UK and the UK launch of the iPad imminent.

Prior to the survey less than half the group had used e-readers.

Usability
Students found the devices easy to use and easy to read although no specific testing was carried out with visually impaired students. They also liked the portability and lightweight feel of the devices. The colour screen of the iPod Touch and its multipurpose functionality was appreciated, although it’s highly reliant on wi-fi access.

Barriers
The weaknesses predictably centred on difficulties in finding and uploading content to the devices and the single-purpose nature of the Sony. Most participants would not buy either model tested even if they would consider an e-reader. Presumably different answers would be received in a post iPad landscape. The main barriers for use were formatting issues, navigation, the inability to annotate or interact with text and how tiring they are to use. There is also no way to link between books or link out to other content.

Similar studies undertaken in the United States and the UK found similar results. The business model for e-readers is still aimed at single users purchasing individual titles for their devices. Although ePub is the most common format it is not used on all devices - Amazon’s Kindle for example. Users cannot transfer purchases from one device to another. Licensing restricts libraries and library users from downloading e-books to mobile devices. Obviously cost is a factor. If e-readers were priced at a more competitive £50 or below £100 it would encourage more rapid take-up and experimentation among libraries to see how they can best be used for educational purposes.

Most of all it is an area of constant flux. Other manufacturers and consumers are waiting to see how the Apple iPad performs in the market. Google has announced a new tablet device and other companies are following suit. Until the hardware develops and is able to meet the study needs of learners and licensing terms change, academic libraries are unlikely to heavily invest in e-readers on a huge scale for the foreseeable future until it is clearer how they will impact the development of library services.

E-book readers in a mobile friendly library

Alison Brock, Open University, talked about a joint project with Cranfield University to look at how e-book readers could be used in a library setting. OU have a “digi-lab” of technology such as ebook readers, even a Wii console, to help tutors explore ways of using new technology in teaching.

The aim of the project was to explore student working practice of using e-books. There was a total of 12 participants using a mixture of Sony e-readers and iPod Touch (Kindles weren't available in Europe at the time of project). Students covered a mix of levels and subjects and were given the ebook reader to use for 3 months. The project team conducted a pre-pilot survey and start-up workshops on how to download books etc. A Ning forum was also set up, for blogging, news about the project, and technical help, and end of project surveys and interviews were also held.

Less than half the participants had used e-books at all before the project, and those who had used them had only done so on PC/laptops. Participants hoped e-books would help save paper, be more portable and lightweight than books and help them find things more easily.

Sony reader strengths were that is was:

• Good for sequential, narrative reading
• Lightweight, portable
• Easy on the eyes

Weaknesses:

• Slowness of navigation
• A bit “clicky and clunky”
• Only does one thing, e-books only

The verdict on the iPod was that it's:

• A “nice gadget”, it does other things
• Portable, pocket sized
• Page turning easy on touch screen
• Coloured pages aided reading

Weaknesses:

• Tricky to get content on
• Screen size just a bit small
• Reliant on wifi

The post pilot survey found that most participants had used the reader for more than just study, including listening to music and audio books, reading fiction and games. However, overall they found that the devices were limited in their functionality. The students said it was tricky to get content onto the devices, and use for study was difficult even for tech-savvy users: they were lukewarm about idea of borrowing e-readers from the library. Most would not consider buying the model they'd used. The main barriers (particularly for study purposes) were formatting issues (eg PDFs, diagrams, images), navigation, not being able to annotate or highlight text, and the fact they found the devices tiring to use.

The OU also found that library subscribed e-books were only licensed for PC use, not for downloading onto e-book readers. They even found that it could be impossible for libraries to buy suitable downloadable copies: in one situation, the student had to buy the book themselves and claim back the cost as the library couldn't buy it even with credit card due to the licensing issues.

Participants also complained that it was difficult to locate suitable e-book content to use, as it's available across so many places.

With text-based, sequential reading, they did see the advantages of portablility, and felt they could work more on the move and print less. The iPod was more popular than the Sony reader, but most still preferred the idea of a laptop which could do multiple things.

Conclusions of the project:

• Ebook readers are designed for reading fiction not academic texts (may change with arrival of iPad etc)
• They will only play a part in how people study, not replace textbooks altogether
• Potential for loan out of pre-loaded e-book readers? Potentially, but there have been issues in US about Kindle and conflicting advice on whether loaning pre-loaded readers infringes terms of service
• Potential role for libraries in facilitating and guiding students to e-book content, and also negotiating better licence agreements for commercial e-book content

Students' wish list for an ideal ebook reader would be

• Screen A4-A5 size
• Touch screen
• Ability to highlight/make notes
• Internet access
• Easier to transfer content quickly direct to device
• Lower retail price

They thought the OU could help by:

• Loaning out e-book readers with course materials and readings pre-loaded
• Offering help with finding appropriate e-book content
• Having better systems for transferring existing course materials onto reader eg OU courses being turned into ePub format

So, is 2010 the year of the e-book?

Similar e-reader projects have been run at Penn State University Library, North West Missouri State University, Princeton University, and the Darden School of Business, University of Virginia. However there's still some big issues. There's the more general question about how e-textbooks will be made available in terms of licensing and pricing (mobile e-readers haven't even been part of the discussion yet). Most manufacturers and content providers are still working on the one-reader, one-book model, aimed at individuals not libraries. Technology still being developed, and still dependent on proprietary formats.

Breakout Session A (10): Making Services Mobile - Stuart Smith, Mimas

Before I start blogging this session I have to confess that my recording may be a little squiffy having just enjoyed a glass of bubbly at the first timers reception.

Delivering Mobile Services

About MIMAS: JISC, SRC etc. pay MIMAS to deliver services such as Census, etc - see http://www.mimas.ac.uk

Unfortunately the break out room does not have wifi. You can access objects on mobiles can be found here:
www.tinyurl.com/6rqqyya

Stuart designed the hairdressing service. He is also working on the MoleNet project - an FE initiative bringing mobile in. Also consulting with BBC on mobile. PLEASE use your mobile phone in this session!

Stuart asked about mobile use today: 3 people had used their mobile to access content today. He asked "what is the thinking between when you do or don't use them?" A couple of people responded that they just use them anywhere and everywhere!

Why mobile?
Stuart asked for some mobile scenarios and the advantages of delivering content via mobile.

• Medical Sector
• Student Engagement
• Yoof
• Digital Divide (eg developing world - NB UN report)
• Construction Engineers
• Communication (inc. speedy access)
• Use of "Dead Time"

However Stuart's main issue was:
User Engagement (using what users are already familiar with)

There are now so many devices with which to access content: mobile phones are now ubiquitous. However over half of those in the room have not used their phone for browsing.

Stuart says that his laptop today is not a mobile device. Asus Eee PC (answer to one laptop per child)- £200-£350 device - very powerful, very small (A5); PDAs; down to 2G phones (what many will be carrying). Also PSPs and Nintendo Wiis included in mobile devices here.

Mobile Connectivity
• Mobile Networks - 2G, 3G, HSDPA (sometimes called 3.5G - mobile broadband).
• Wifi aka Wireless
• Bluetooth

2G on most phones, 3G on most smartphones (not iPhone though).
Wifi, increasingly in cities, is a rival to 2/3G. You can go round with iPod Touch and Asus and use Skype

Bluetooth - many phones may reject some objects so problematic for roll-out of material.

Types of Services

• Web services
• Audio files
• Video files
• Java
• Flash Lite and Silverlight

Web services shown with image from hairdressing service. Familiar layout - menus etc. However on a phone it doesn't work well, images big, wrong file formats and other issues for mobile devices. Many users for this service don't have internet or even computer access in their salons. They do have mobile access though. Amazon and Flickr repurpose their content for mobile, this is something that has been applied to hairdressing service - taking out file formats that won't work on 2G formats. More complex interactions can still take place on website.

Very successful and very innovative. £6 million project and the service works on all devices in the project.

Q: do you get directed to mobile site if you go to URL on phone
A: 2 URLS - http://www.hairdressing.ac.uk/ and htmob.mobi. May use a "device sniffer" on the server to direct traffic automaticallt (amazon do this) - pros and cons of doing this. NB: the service is athens authenticated but you can request a short trial by emailing Stuart Smith.

One tension we weren't really aware of was that the tutor and the salon owner may not agree on an issue. The mobile service though allows students to show what has been tought to salon owner so that they can see where the difference is (if not agree)

Audio Files
• Not just iPods and iTunes
⁃ Mobile Phones
⁃ MP3 Players
⁃ Laptop and Desktop Computers

MP3 files work on almost anything. Can deliver lecture notes etc and deals with accessibility issues. Relatively easy to produce though production quality and longevity must be taken into account.

Video Files
• Production values?
• Slide shows voice overs
• Keep it short!

Handed round video from developing area of hairdressing service. Wouldn't see this as a streaming service but envisage students downloading video and taking away. Used written content and images and created a voice over to combine. Encouraging students to create/remix content in this way.

Pitfalls of video production?
Small files and low quality. High end phones are moving in the direction of higher quality. On the other hand large files = slow, potentially expensive etc. We are seeing low cost bundles on mobiles but could be anywhere between 10 and 50 pence per download though. Also companies in mobile sector use downloads as revenue stream. Some content works, some not. Slideshows work well, panning shorts of seascapes do not. Short also works better given screen size.

Java
• Java Mobile (aka J2ME) but can use "full" java on UMPC
• Used a lot for games on mobile phones
• Can be used for "e-books"
• Wide variety of applications
• But need to be aware of different platforms and requirements


Many mobile games use java but can be used for all sorts of things (e.g. now defunct "Maxdox viewer" - nice usage for "book" style hairdressing).

Java is different dependent on phone. So wider the market, the less specific you can be with what you can do with those devices. If you target a specific phone then you're ok, otherwise not. This can make production expensive. It will work on lots of different platforms though (albeit at maybe a lower level).

Flash Lite and Silverlight

• Flash Life is NOT the same as Flash - though from the same producers and similar in some ways (Flash content can also be ported to Flash Lite)
• Flash Lite increasingly available on all phones
• Silverlight - Microsoft's response to Adobe
• Silverlight starting to become available on mobile phones

Flash Lite is widely available, it is easier to package than java, but doesn't solve all issues and screen size.

Silver Light is Microsoft rival to Flash Lite. Programming in C Sharp. They have just done a deal with Nokia to put Silver Light onto.

I (your blogger) asked about Opera Mini and other browser solutions to repurposing content for mobile and why they weren't being more widely adopted.

Stuart responded that there is a trend towards to browser led solutions - e.g. Opera Mini. It's a transcoder - when you call a webpage you normally call the server and browser renders it. Opera sends data to their transcoder which converts site for mobile and sends to your mobile phone. Why not adopt as standard? Have to pay for Opera licences. Also if website badly coded it will still look very poor on Opera browser, large images can still be an issue. Latency in system. Not necessarily a magic wand. Does deal with a lot of issues but not perfect. As far as delivery quality service it's important not to rely on other people's browsers/software. Phone companies starting to package phone with browser though.


Usability and Design chart
I can't really reproduce the diagram here but have included relavent bullet points here. Essentially it looked at the question of whether mobile delivery is fit for purpose?

Creating Web Mobile Web Services:

Asset Ordering
At first Stuart put image at top and text beneath. problem is that picture renders slower so you wait rather than seeing text/content first.

Capacity
Most phones are 1-4Gb, 8Gb max. home computers now around 100Gb. 8Gb very little in terms of multimedia.

Fat Client - your device does a lot of the work - eg laptop.
Thin Client - your device does little - Assus is a thin client relying on the internet and external storage, as do PDAs

Compatibility
Video - mobile video standard is called 3GP - many commercial hosts don't recognise this type of file, just get interpreted as 1s and 0s and sent to browser as that.

Usability

• Screen Size an issue - text volume (input interface), picture size, linear layout (mobile CSS);
• URL - one of the reasons for diff. hairdressing URL is to reduce keypad impressions and to make more memorable (potentially). Big arguements with JANET about getting a short URL. Often it's overlooked in service delivery.
• Accessibility - (Manchester University are doing accessibility transcoders)

Stuart asked what accessibility issues are raised by mobile?: visual (screen size/colours/etc); sounds (louder). Mobile devices don't work for everyone. In some circumstances though it will be ideal. Possibly more accessible for some than for others.

Peter Burnhill of EDINA (MIMAS's sister organisation) added that if someone can SMS in and get a text message back with URL etc. you can integrate some issues automatically. SMS can be exploited to make extra accessible. BBC Mobile do this with their services.

Stuart also added that you can use a tag element for SMS.

Other advantages of mobile: phones are small and light. Deaf usage of SMS very interesting and useful - real boon especially with MSN, GoogleTalk etc now on mobiles.

You can never have an entirely accessible mobile phone or laptop etc. etc. Some excluded groups - young people not in education, training or employment for example are happier to communicate via mobiles than face to face.

Q&A / Discussion Session

Stuart asked delegated about their downloading of the hairdressing objects and asked about issues faced.

Stuart talked about interesting issues. Mark Parenski - Digital Natives/Digital Immigrants. Stuart takes issue with this. Parenski says that young people are at one with and naturally good with digital technologies. The rest of us (over 35) struggle. We often adopt technologies most useful to us. Many of us never, as children, learn to program washing machines. Many young people's technology is leisure focused. That's where one of the problems lies. Parenski is teasing at this but overlooks the fact that adoption is much more based on usefulness.

Discussion: at work you may not be a luddite but you don't neccassarily do digital for fun. Also issue that if using work mobile etc. you may not want to use that type of technology for fun.

Peter Burnhill added that he thinks it illustrates again that hairdressing service is good service as home mobiles used at work (no divide for that). But registering mobile phone numbers of students etc. must include something in it for them, they may not want intrusion for, e.g. overdue library books. Its finding where in the value chain people want technology.

Stuart feels intelligent service providers need to find where its most relavent and appropriatte to move information onto mobiles. Stuart looking at RSS for example as way of working with other platforms. Also looking at user generated content and capturing that. A lot of work done on MySpace and Facebook - happens in FE although sites often blocked and there are issues.

Peter Burnhill: Subscription agents and publishers might be more interested in delivery than librarian. Stuff delivered must be relavent to location/need at a given time. Market must be segmented to get best value.

Stuart's consultancy work includes saying to some people "mobile isn't suitable for your content".

All photos used in this presentation from Flickr (all licensed under Creative Commons)

stuart.smith@manchester.ac.uk
http://www.anywherelearning.blogspot.com

In closing: could be out there publishing onto a platform and delivering worldwide with a £200 computer and a £100 phone. Want to use more the creations and interactions and comments of users of services.